Classification, Biodiversity and Conservation

Calculate the mean rate of decrease in the Sumatran tiger population between 1970 and 2020.

mean rate of decrease = ______ $\text{year}^{-1}$

There are a number of different ways to help conserve Sumatran tigers. For example, some zoos have captive breeding programmes.

Outline ways in which Sumatran tigers may be conserved, other than captive breeding programmes.

Outline reasons for maintaining animal biodiversity.

Captive breeding programmes sometimes use IVF.

Table 7.1 shows some of the events that occur during an IVF procedure.

They are not listed in the correct order.

Table 7.1

Complete Table 7.2 to show the correct order of the events.

One of the events has already been added in the correct position.

Table 7.2

Two of the domains contain only prokaryotic species.

With reference to the two prokaryotic domains, describe the features used to classify prokaryotic species into two different domains.

Tigers are large mammals that live in many parts of Asia.

Fig. 9.1 shows a tiger, Panthera tigris.

Complete Table 9.1 by writing the domain, kingdom and genus in which tigers are classified.

Table 9.1

The biodiversity of an area can be assessed using a variety of sampling methods.

Outline how a frame quadrat could be used to assess the biodiversity of plants in a field.

Calculate the Spearman’s rank correlation for these data.

Give your answer to three decimal places.

answer = ______

The null hypothesis for this investigation is: there is no correlation between the altitude and the height of the soft rush plants.

Table 9.1 shows the critical values for Spearman’s rank correlation.

Table 9.1

Use your value of Spearman’s rank correlation and Table 9.1 to state and explain if the null hypothesis is correct.

The Boelen’s python, Simalia boeleni, is a non-venomous snake found only on the island of Papua New Guinea.

Fig. 8.1 shows a Boelen’s python.

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has not assessed the conservation status of S. boeleni because the python is very hard to detect and locate.

S. boeleni is listed in one of the appendices of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).

Suggest the advantages of S. boeleni being listed in CITES, even though it does not have an IUCN conservation status.

S. boeleni is a member of the kingdom Animalia.

Outline the characteristic features of the kingdom Animalia.

Define the term ecosystem.

Suggest the assumptions that must be made for the mark-release-recapture method to be valid.

A first sample of 27 golden poison dart frogs was captured, marked and released. When a second sample of 33 frogs was captured, 13 had marks on them.

Use the Lincoln index to estimate the population size of the frogs.

$n_1$ = number of individuals captured in first sample
$n_2$ = number of individuals (both marked and unmarked) captured in second sample
$m_2$ = number of marked individuals recaptured in second sample

answer ______

Explain how IUCN Red List™ assessments help to conserve biodiversity.

With reference to Fig. 6.1 and the IUCN assessments for P. arion, suggest how the abundance of the butterfly differs across its distribution.

Use the information given to suggest why P. arion went extinct in the United Kingdom in 1979.

Outline the advantages of restoring habitats for endangered species.

Suggest ways in which the Bornean orangutan may be conserved.

Biodiversity can be assessed at different levels.

Outline the main levels at which biodiversity can be assessed.

Complete Table 8.1.

Calculate the value for Simpson’s index of diversity ($D$).

$D$ = ______

Using your value for $D$, comment on the biodiversity of this temperate woodland.

Explain how IUCN Red List™ assessments help to conserve biodiversity.

With reference to Fig. 6.1 and the IUCN assessments for P. arion, suggest how the abundance of the butterfly differs across its distribution.

Use the information given to suggest why P. arion went extinct in the United Kingdom in 1979.

Outline the advantages of restoring habitats for endangered species.

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has a role in the conservation of species, such as species of bear.

Outline the role of the IUCN in the conservation of species.

Grizzly bears, Ursus arctos horribilis, and polar bears, Ursus maritimus, are found in North America.

Fig. 8.1 shows a grizzly bear and a polar bear.

Grizzly bears have:
• a varied diet that includes grasses, roots, berries, nuts, rodents, insects and fish
• a habitat of woodland or grassland
• a maximum mass of 270 kg.

Polar bears have:
• a diet that consists of other animals, such as seals
• a habitat of land and sea ice
• a maximum mass of 450 kg.

Climate change has caused populations of grizzly bears to spread further north and populations of polar bears to spread further south. In some areas there is habitat overlap and, on rare occasions, breeding between grizzly bears and polar bears has occurred.

The offspring of grizzly bears and polar bears are known as pizzly bears.

Pizzly bears can breed together in the wild.

Fig. 8.2 shows a pizzly bear.

With reference to three different species concepts, discuss whether grizzly bears and polar bears should be classified as separate species.

Calculate Simpson’s Index of Diversity by completing Table 8.1 in the spaces provided.

Write the value for Simpson’s Index of Diversity on the dotted line.

Simpson’s Index of Diversity ($D$) = ______

The scientists calculated a $D$ value of 0.833 for the undisturbed population.

Explain what is shown by the difference in the $D$ values between the two populations of bear.

The Asian common toad, Duttaphrynus melanostictus, arrived accidentally in eastern Madagascar in 2010 on a ship.

Fig. 9.1 shows an Asian common toad.

The Asian common toad is now regarded as an invasive alien species because:

• it breeds fast in the warm, wet conditions of eastern Madagascar
• it can travel up to $2.5\text{ km}$ per year
• its skin contains poison, which is highly toxic to humans and predators.

Suggest ways in which the Asian common toad may affect the ecosystem of eastern Madagascar.

Zoos work with local groups around the world to help conserve endangered species.

One example of this is the use of assisted reproduction, such as IVF, with endangered mammals such as the eastern black rhino.

Outline the process of IVF.