01Cell Structure
Temporary preparations; drawing cells from slides and micrographs · Magnification and actual size calculations · Eyepiece graticule and stage micrometer; mm, um, nm · Resolution vs magnification; electron microscopy …
Biological Molecules
Tests for sugars, starch, lipids and proteins · Semi-quantitative Benedict's; non-reducing sugar test · Monomers, polymers; alpha- and beta-glucose · Reducing/non-reducing sugars; glycosidic bonds …
Enzymes
Intracellular and extracellular enzymes · Active site, ES complex, activation energy, specificity · Lock-and-key and induced-fit hypotheses · Measuring reaction rate (catalase, amylase); colorimetry …
Cell Membranes and Transport
Fluid mosaic model; phospholipid bilayer and proteins · Cholesterol, glycolipids and glycoproteins · Membrane roles: transport, signalling, recognition · Cell signalling: ligands, receptors and responses …
The Mitotic Cell Cycle
Chromosome structure (DNA, histones, chromatids, telomeres) · Importance of mitosis (growth, repair, asexual reproduction) · Cell cycle: interphase (G1, S, G2), mitosis, cytokinesis · Roles of telomeres and stem cells …
Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis
Nucleotide structure and ATP; purines and pyrimidines · DNA double helix; base pairing; phosphodiester bonds · Semi-conservative replication; leading and lagging strands · Structure of RNA (mRNA) …
Transport in Plants
Plan diagrams of stems, roots and leaves · Distribution of xylem and phloem · Xylem vessels, sieve tubes and companion cells · Water uptake: apoplast and symplast pathways …
Transport in Mammals
Closed double circulation; types of blood vessel · Main pulmonary and systemic blood vessels · Structure and function of arteries, veins, capillaries · Red cells, monocytes, neutrophils and lymphocytes …
Gas Exchange
Structure of the human gas exchange system · Distribution of cartilage, epithelia, goblet cells, muscle · Recognising gas exchange tissues; plan diagrams · Functions of ciliated cells, goblet cells and mucous glands …
Infectious Diseases
Pathogens and transmissible disease · Cholera, malaria, TB and HIV/AIDS: pathogens · Transmission of cholera, malaria, TB and HIV · Biological, social and economic factors in control …
Immunity
Mode of action of phagocytes · Antigens; self vs non-self · Primary response; macrophages, B- and T-lymphocytes · Memory cells and the secondary response …
(outdated) Ecology
Habitat, niche, population, community, ecosystem · Autotrophs, heterotrophs and trophic levels · Energy losses along food chains · Nitrogen cycle; nitrogen-fixing and nitrifying bacteria