01Chemical Energetics
Atomisation, lattice energy, electron affinity · Born-Haber cycles · Ionic charge/radius vs lattice and hydration enthalpy · Enthalpies of solution and hydration …
Electrochemistry
Electrolysis: products and Faraday calculations · Avogadro constant by electrolysis · Standard electrode and cell potentials · Measuring and combining electrode potentials …
Equilibria
Conjugate acid-base pairs · pH, Ka, pKa, Kw calculations · Buffers: action, uses, pH · Solubility product and common ion effect …
Reaction Kinetics
Rate equations, order, rate constant, half-life · Deducing orders from graphs · First-order half-life and rate constants · Mechanisms and the rate-determining step …
Group 2
Thermal stability and anion polarisation · Solubility of hydroxides and sulfates (lattice vs hydration)
Transition Elements
Defining transition elements; 3d/4s; d orbitals · Properties: oxidation states, catalysis, complexes, colour · Ligands and complexes; coordination number · Ligand exchange; formula and charge of complexes …
Introduction to A Level Organic Chemistry
New functional groups · Nomenclature of aromatic and cyclic compounds · New mechanisms: electrophilic substitution, addition-elimination · Benzene: sp2 and delocalised pi system …
Hydrocarbons
Arene reactions: halogenation, nitration, Friedel-Crafts · Side-chain oxidation; ring hydrogenation · Electrophilic substitution mechanism; delocalisation · Ring vs side-chain halogenation; directing effects
Halogen Compounds
Preparing halogenoarenes · Halogenoalkane vs halogenoarene reactivity
Hydroxy Compounds
Alcohols with acyl chlorides to esters · Phenol: preparation and reactions · Acidity of phenol vs water and ethanol · Phenol nitration/bromination; directing effects …
Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives
Benzoic acid; acids to acyl chlorides · Oxidation of methanoic and ethanedioic acids · Acidities of carboxylic acids, phenols, alcohols · Esters from acyl chlorides …
Nitrogen Compounds
Amines: preparation and basicity · Phenylamine: preparation and reactions · Azo compounds and dyes · Amides: preparation, hydrolysis, reduction …
Polymerisation
Condensation polymerisation: polyesters and polyamides · Predicting polymerisation type · Degradable polymers
Organic Synthesis
Reactions in multi-functional molecules · Multi-step routes including aromatics
Analytical Techniques
TLC: Rf values and phases · Gas/liquid chromatography · Carbon-13 NMR · Proton (1H) NMR: shift, areas, splitting …